Chemistry

1. Principles of Chemistry
1.2 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures>1.3 Atomic Structure>1.4 The Periodic Table>1.5 Chemical Formulae, Equations and Calculations>1.6 Ionic Bonding>1.7 Covalent Bonding>1.8 Metallic Bonding>1.9 Electrolysis>

2. Inorganic Chemistry

2.1 Group 1 (Alkali Metals) – Lithium, Sodium and Potassium >2.2 Group 7 (Halogens) – Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine >2.3 Gases in the Atmosphere >2.4 Reactivity Series >2.5 Extraction and Uses of Metals >2.6 Acids, Alkalis and Titrations >2.7 Acids, Bases and Salt Preparations >2.8 Chemical Tests >

3. Physical Chemistry

3.1 Energetics >3.2 Rates of Reaction >3.3 Reversible Reactions and Equilibria >

4. Organic Chemistry

4.1 Introduction >4.2 Crude Oil >4.3 Alkanes >4.4 Alkenes >4.5 Alcohols >4.6 Carboxylic Acids >4.7 Esters >4.8 Synthetic Polymers >

1.9 Electrolysis

1.9.1C Understand why covalent compounds do not conduct electricity

Electricity is a flow of charged particles (e.g. ions, electrons)

Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because the electrons are fixed in the covalent bonds

1.9.2C Understand why ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous solution

Ions are fixed when ionic compounds are solid, meaning they can’t move so can’t conduct electricity.

However, when the compounds are molten or in aqueous solution, the ions (that are electrically charged) are able to move and carry charge.

1.9.3C Know that anion and cation are terms used to refer to negative and positive ions respectively

Cations: positively charged ions (+) due to loss of electrons

Anions: negatively charged ions (-) due to gain of electrons

1.9.4C Describe experiments to investigate electrolysis, using inert electrodes, of molten compounds (including lead(II) bromide) and aqueous solutions (including sodium chloride, dilute sulfuric acid and copper(II) sulfate) and to predict the products

ELECTROLYSIS

Breakdown of ionic compounds in molten or aqueous states using electricity to form new products
The setup consists of:
- Electrodes (anode & cathode)
- Power source
- External wires
- Beaker
- Electrolytic solution (electrolyte)

Procedure

Anions approach anode and lose electrons
Electrons are passed from anode to cathode through the wire and power supply
Cations approach cathode and accept the incoming electrons

Power supply

Electrons always flow in from the positive end of the battery, and come out from the negative end
Therefore, anode is always at the positive end of the battery, cathode is always at the negative end of the battery

PRODUCTS OF ELECTROLYSIS

The products of electrolysis depend on the ionic compound and its state (molten or aqueous)

Example 1: Molten ionic compound, for example, NaCl (l)

Example 2: Aqueous ionic compound, for example, NaCl (aq)

Besides ions dissociated from ionic compounds, there are water molecules present
In electrolytic solution: ions from ionic compounds, ions in water (OH^– and H⁺)

Summary Table

1.9.5C Write ionic half-equations representing the reactions at the electrodes during electrolysis and understand why these reactions are classified as oxidation or reduction

Oxidation: loss of electron(s)

Reduction: gain of electron(s)

Key points

Reduction takes place at cathode
- Reduction means electrons are gained
- So electrons should be on the left hand side of the half equation
Oxidation takes place at anode
- Oxidation means electrons are lost
- So electrons should be on the right hand side of the half equation

1.9.6C Practical: investigate the electrolysis of aqueous solutions

AIM

To electrolyse aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sulfuric acid and copper(II) sulphate, and to collect and identify the products at each electrode

METHOD

Add the aqueous solution to a beaker and cover the electrodes with the solution
Invert two small test tubes to collect any gaseous products
Connect the electrodes to a power supply.
Turn on the power supply and allow electrolysis to take place
Observations at each electrode are made
Gases collected in the test tube can be tested and identified

Tests for Products

Results