REVISION NOTES
IGCSE Edexcel Biology
2.8 Gas Exchange (in Plants)
2.8.1B Understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange
Diffusion:
- Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Affected by partially permeable cell membrane
- Restricts the movement of molecules down the concentration gradient
- Restriction is based on molecular size
- Smaller molecules like water can diffuse
- Larger molecules like salts cannot
- Passive process
- Gas exchange occurs through diffusion
- Organ systems providing gas exchange surfaces
- Maximise diffusion
- Increase surface area
- Decrease diffusion distance
![](https://resource.studiaacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IGED_BIO_TOPIC-9_001_Amoeba.png)
2.8.2 Understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation to respiration and photosynthesis
Respiration and photosynthesis rely on gas exchange
Gas exchange for respiration:
- Uptake of oxygen
- Release of carbon dioxide
- Gases diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Oxygen diffuses outside the leaf to inside the leaf
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from inside the leaf to outside the leaf
Gas exchange in photosynthesis:
- Uptake of carbon dioxide
- Release of oxygen
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from outside the leaf to inside the leaf
- Carbon dioxide is constantly used in photosynthesis
- Concentration inside photosynthesizing cells is always low
- Oxygen diffuses from inside the leaf to outside the leaf
2.8.3B Understand how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange
- Thin leaves and cell walls decrease diffusion distance
- Flat leaves increasing SA:V ratio
- Stomata that allow gases to move through air spaces
- Maintain a steep concentration gradient
- Air spaces allow gases to move around mesophyll cells
- Stomata in lower epidermis open under sunlight
- Increase movement of gases in and out of the leaf
- Moist air dissolving gases for easier movement through cells
![](https://resource.studiaacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IGED_BIO_TOPIC-9_002_Pathway-of-CO2-During-Photosynthesing.png)
2.8.4B Describe the role of stomata in gas exchange
Stomata:
- Space in between two guard cells
- Located on the lower epidermis of the leaf
- Swelling and shrinking of guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomatal pore
- Controls gas exchange
Stomata in gas exchange:
- Opens when water diffuses into guard cells by osmosis
- Makes them turgid
- Allows gases to diffuse through stomatal pore
- Stomata opens in sufficient supply of water and sunlight
- Closes when guard cells lose water through osmosis
- They shrink and become flaccid
- Prevents diffusion through stomatal pore
- Stomata tends to be close when supply of water and sunlight is low
![](https://resource.studiaacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IGED_BIO_TOPIC-9_003_Stomata-and-Guard-Cell.png)
2.8.5B Understand how respiration continues during the day and night, but that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of light
Daytime:
- Plants only photosynthesize during the day in the presence of light
- Continually respire during day and night
- Rate of photosynthesis is higher than rate of respiration
- At low intensity of light, rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration
- No net movement of gases in either direction
- Increase in net diffusion of CO2 into the plant
- Increase in net diffusion of O2 out of the plant
Night Time:
- Plants can only respire
- No light for photosynthesis to occur
- Rate of respiration is higher than rate of photosynthesis
- Increase in net diffusion of O2 into the plant
Increase in net diffusion of CO2 out of the plant
![](https://resource.studiaacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IGED_BIO_TOPIC-9_004_Plant-Respiration-and-Photosynthesis-1.png)
2.8.6B Practical: investigate the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator
Method:
- Add 10cm3 of hydrogencarbonate indicator into 3 boiling tubes
- Add cotton wool into each tube and prepare samples accordingly:
- Tube 1 – control with no leaf
- Tube 2 – leaf
- Tube 3 – leaf wrapped in foil to block light
- Add a bung to the top of each tube and leave under light for 1 hour
Results:
- Tube 1 will remain orange/red showing CO2 at atmospheric levels
- Tube 2 will turn purple as the leaf would photosynthesize and respire
- Both processes displace the CO2 levels
- CO2 levels decrease from atmospheric levels
- Tube 3 will turn yellow as CO2 levels rise above atmospheric
- Photosynthesis cannot occur with light being blocked
- Respiration occurs releasing carbon dioxide
![](https://resource.studiaacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/IGED_BIO_TOPIC-9_005.png)